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Analects · Mencius · Xunzi · Zhuangzi · I Ching commentary Page 3 of 12 5-minute read

Threads: Across the Books

Fate or Mission?

Your birth, your body, your era: does what you can't change decide your life?

delight in Heaven, know fate: no anxiety not under the tottering wall 命

Original

Analects 2.4, 20.3子曰:「……五十而知天命……」子曰:「不知命,無以為君子也。」Mencius 7A1–2殀壽不貳,修身以俟之,所以立命也。……莫非命也,順受其正。是故知命者不立乎巖牆之下。Xunzi, On Heaven大天而思之,孰與物畜而制之!從天而頌之,孰與制天命而用之!Zhuangzi 4, In the Human World自事其心者,哀樂不易施乎前,知其不可奈何而安之若命,德之至也。Great Commentary I · ch. 4……樂天知命,故不憂;安土敦乎仁,故能愛。

In plain words

Confucius said, “… At fifty I knew Heaven's mandate …” And: “Without knowing mandate, there is no way to be a junzi.”

Not wavering whether life is short or long, but cultivating yourself and waiting for it: this is how you stand firm in your mandate. … Nothing is not fate; accept what is proper in it. So one who knows fate does not stand under a tottering wall.

To exalt Heaven and long for it: how does that compare with raising it like any other thing and managing it? To follow Heaven and sing its praises: how does that compare with taking hold of what Heaven gives and putting it to use?

One who serves his own heart does not let sorrow and joy sway him. To know what cannot be helped and accept it as fate: this is the height of virtue.

… Delighting in Heaven and knowing fate, so not anxious; at home where one is and rich in ren, so able to love.

Key words

  • 命mìngTwo faces: your circumstances and luck (fate), and the task entrusted to you (mission).
  • 天命tiānmìngBefore Confucius, the king's warrant to rule; after him, something anyone can wake up to.
  • 憂yōuFretting over your own gains and losses; the junzi drops this, yet still cares for the world.

Reading it step by step

Last page left Confucius with a Heaven that knows you. So what has Heaven set out for me? The word 命 has two faces. One is fate: the era, family and body you were given. The other is mission: what this one life of yours is for. The first face isn't yours to choose. The second is yours to find.

First: Confucius put Heaven's mandate in everyone's hands. Before him, the mandate was the king's warrant to rule. When Confucius said, “At fifty I knew Heaven's mandate,” and “Without knowing mandate, there is no way to be a junzi,” it became a task anyone could wake up to: follow a nature that leans toward good, and keep your own post well. His own lot was harsh. His father died when he was three, his mother when he was seventeen; late in life he buried his son, Yan Hui and Zilu; no ruler would use him. Yet the Analects says that at home he was easy and cheerful. Fate, however hard, did not take his mission. He came to know it at fifty, held it in awe, followed it on the road, and in the end even the burden became a joy.

Second: Mencius says, accept what you can't change, and don't blame fate for what you can. Whether life is long or short, don't waver: “cultivate yourself and wait for it; this is how you stand firm in your mandate.” “Nothing is not fate; accept what is proper in it.” I take what comes, but along the right lines. So someone who knows fate doesn't stand under a tottering wall; being crushed there is not fate. Xunzi goes further: rather than praise Heaven, take what it gives and use it. One stresses accepting, the other using; neither lets you give up.

Third: Zhuangzi and the I Ching commentary turn knowing fate into peace of mind. Zhuangzi says: to know what cannot be helped and accept it as fate is the height of virtue; sorrow and joy no longer push you about. The Great Commentary has a line that reads like a summary of the whole page: “Delighting in Heaven and knowing fate, so not anxious.” Know which part is your work and which is Heaven's, and you needn't fret over your own gains and losses. Confucius said the same: the humane are not anxious; do what you should and leave the outcome to Heaven. Not worrying for yourself is not the same as not caring for the world, though; the same commentary says whoever made the Yi carried deep concern.

what you can't change

what you can

Mencius

accept what is properlong life or short, don't waver
cultivate and waitkeep out from under the wall

Xunzi

don't sing its praisesHeaven's course is constant
take hold and use itput what you're given to work

Zhuangzi

accept it as fatesorrow and joy don't sway you
serve your own heartdo the task in front of you

I Ching commentary

delight in Heavenwhat is Heaven's, don't fret over
know fateknow what is yours to do

Fate deals the cards; mission plays them.

Today it might look like this. Your name is on the layoff list. That is the face of fate; you can't change it. How you spend the next three months, learning a new skill or scrolling and complaining, is the face of mission.

Fate deals the cards. Mission decides how you play them.

One line to carry

Fate deals the cards. Mission decides how you play them.

Today's question

Write down one thing in your life you can't change, and one thing that, because of it, you should do.

Quick check

What does Mencius mean by “one who knows fate does not stand under a tottering wall”?

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